My grug1 brain can never remember the correct semantics of quoting commands and variables in a UNIX shell environment. Every time I work with a shell script or run some commands in a Docker compose file, I’ve to look up how to quote things properly to stop my ivory tower from crashing down. So, I thought I’d list out some of the most common rules that I usually look up all the time.

I mostly work with bash; so that’s what I’ll focus on. However, the rules should be similar for any POSIX compliant shell.

Single quotes vs double quotes vs backticks

Use single quotes when you don’t want your shell to expand variables. For example:

echo '$HOST'

This prints:

'$HOST'

In the previous snippet, the single quotes ensure that the value of the HOST variable doesn’t get expanded by the shell and instead the literal name of the variable is used. On the contrary, your shell will evaulate the variable if you use double quotes here:

echo "$HOST"

xps

In this case, the command prints the name of my host machine. Lastly, a backtick pair is used to open a subshell and run some command. The following command allows you to check out to the HEAD-1th commit in Git:

git checkout `git rev-parse --short HEAD~1`

In the above command, first, the command within the backtick runs in a subshell and then returns the result to the main shell. The git checkout part of the command in the main shell then uses the output value of the git rev-parse --short HEAD~1 sub-command to carry out the intended action.

While this works, `...` is the legacy2 syntax for command substitution, required by only the very oldest of non-POSIX-compatible Bourne shells. A better alternative is to use the $(...) syntax.

git checkout $(git rev-parse --short HEAD~1)

When to quote variables

Quote if the variable can either be empty or contain any whitespace or special characters like spaces, backslashs or wildcards. Not quoting strings with spaces often leads to the shell breaking apart a single argument into many. Consider this command:

export x=some filename
echo $x

This will print:

some

Ideally, this should’ve returned some filename. You can fix this by quoting the value:

export x="some filename"
echo $x

some filename

In the shell environment, the value of a variable is delimited by space. So if the value of your variable contains a space, it won’t work correctly unless you quote it properly. This can also happen while accepting a value from a user and assigning it to a variable. For example:

read -p "Enter the name of a file: " file; cat $file

If the user provides a file name that contains a space or any special character like *, ? or /, the command above will behave unexpectedly. To ensure that the cat is applied on a single file, wrap the file variable with double quotes.

read -p "Enter the name of a file: " file; cat "$file"

Instead of double quotes, if you wrap the variable with single quotes, the command will try to apply cat on a file that’s literally named $file which is most likely not what you want.

  1. Grug brained developer ↩︎

  2. Why is $(…) preferred over ... (backticks)? ↩︎

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