Tinkering with Unix domain sockets

I’ve always had a vague idea about what Unix domain sockets are from my experience working with Docker for the past couple of years. However, lately, I’m spending more time in embedded edge environments and had to explore Unix domain sockets in a bit more detail. This is a rough documentation of what I’ve explored to gain some insights.

The dry definition

Unix domain sockets (UDS) are similar to TCP sockets in a way that they allow two processes to communicate with each other, but there are some core differences. While TCP sockets are used for communication over a network, Unix domain sockets are used for communication between processes running on the same computer.

A Unix domain socket is a way for programs to exchange data in a fast and efficient way without having to worry about the overhead of network protocols like TCP/IP or UDP. It works by creating a special file on the file system called a socket, which acts as a bidirectional data channel between the processes. The processes can send and receive data through the socket just like they would with a network socket. Also, just like TCP/UDP sockets, Unix domain sockets can also be either stream-based (TCP equivalent) or datagram-based (UDP equivalent).

Unix domain sockets are commonly used in server-client applications, such as web servers, databases, and email servers, where they provide a secure and efficient way for processes on the same machine to communicate with each other. They’re also used in many other types of programs where different parts of the program need to work together or share data. Another cool thing about them is that you can control access to your server just by tuning the permission of the socket file on the system.

Prerequisites

I’m running these experiments on an M-series Macbook pro. However, any Unix-y environment will work as long as you can run the following tools:

• socat: To create the socket servers and clients.
• curl: To make HTTP requests to a supported socket server.
• jq: To pretty print JSON payloads.
• lsof: To display currently listening socket server processes.

Inspecting Unix domain sockets in your system

Most likely, there are currently multiple processes listening on different sockets in your system. You can explore them using lsof with the following command:

sudo lsof -U

This will return a list of all Unix domain socket files and the server process PIDs that are currently listening on them:

COMMAND   PID  USER FD  TYPE             DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
launchd   1  root   3u  unix 0x25269ff9edd05165      0t0      /private//var/run/syslog
launchd   1  root   4u  unix 0x25269ff9edd0522d      0t0      ->0x25269ff9edd05165
launchd   1  root   6u  unix 0x25269ff9edd052f5      0t0      /private/var/run/cupsd
launchd   1  root   7u  unix 0x25269ff9edd053bd      0t0      /var/rpc/ncalrpc/NETLOGON
launchd   1  root   8u  unix 0x25269ff9edd05485      0t0      /var/run/vpncontrol.sock
launchd   1  root   9u  unix 0x25269ff9edd0554d      0t0      /var/run/portmap.socket
...

You can also filter out the socket files by their process names. Docker processes listen on a few socket files:

sudo lsof -U  -a -c 'com.docker'

This will return:

COMMAND     PID    USER   FD   TYPE             DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
com.docke 15451 rednafi   10u  unix 0x25269ff9edcfd55d      0t0    vpnkit-bridge-fd.sock
com.docke 15451 rednafi   11u  unix 0x25269ff9edcfd625      0t0    vpnkit-bridge.sock
com.docke 15451 rednafi   12u  unix 0x25269ff9edcfd6ed      0t0    vpnkit.port.sock
com.docke 15451 rednafi   13u  unix 0x25269ff9edcfd7b5      0t0    vpnkit.data.sock
com.docke 15451 rednafi   14u  unix 0x25269ff9edcfd87d      0t0    httpproxy.sock
com.docke 15451 rednafi   15u  unix 0x25269ff9edcfd3cd      0t0    backend.sock
...

Creating a Unix domain socket

Running the following command on your terminal will create a stream-based Unix domain socket:

socat unix-listen:/tmp/stream.sock,fork STDOUT

This process listens on the /tmp/stream.sock and prints the incoming data to the stdout. The fork portion on the command ensures that multiple clients can be connected to the server process and they’ll be served by forking child processes.

From another console, you can try to send data to the socket file as a client:

echo "hello world" | socat - unix-connect:/tmp/stream.sock

Running this command will send the hello world string to the /tmp/stream.sock file and the server process will print it on the standard output stream.

Similarly, you can also create a datagram-based socket server with socat like this:

socat unix-recvfrom:/tmp/datagram.sock,fork STDOUT

Now send data to the server with this:

echo "hello world" | socat - unix-sendto:/tmp/datagram.sock

Connecting to Docker engine via a Unix domain socket

By default, Docker runs through a non-networked UNIX socket. It can also optionally communicate using SSH or a TLS (HTTPS) socket. On MacOS, the socket file can be found in ~/.docker/run/docker.sock. We can make HTTP requests against the listening socket server and use Docker engine’s RESTful API suite.

Checking the engine’s version number: The following command uses curl to spawn a client process and send a request against the Docker engine running in my local system.

curl --unix-socket  ~/.docker/run/docker.sock http://localhost/version | jq

This returns (truncated output for readability):

{
  "Platform":{
    "Name":"Docker Desktop 4.17.0 (99724)"
  },
  "Components":[
    "..."
  ],
  "Version":"20.10.23",
  "ApiVersion":"1.41",
  "MinAPIVersion":"1.12",
  "GitCommit":"6051f14",
  "GoVersion":"go1.18.10",
  "Os":"linux",
  "Arch":"arm64",
  "KernelVersion":"5.15.49-linuxkit",
  "BuildTime":"2023-01-19T17:31:28.000000000+00:00"
}

Listing the containers: This command lists all the running containers on my machine.

curl --unix-socket \
    ~/.docker/run/docker.sock http://localhost/containers/json | jq

Listing the images:

curl --unix-socket \
    ~/.docker/run/docker.sock http://localhost/images/json | jq

Downloading a container: This allows you to programmatically download the hello-world image from Dockerhub:

curl -sX POST \
    -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
    --unix-socket ~/.docker/run/docker.sock \
    'http://localhost/images/create?fromImage=hello-world:latest'

Listening for docker events: This API call lets you listen for all incoming events from the docker engine. You can run the following command on one terminal and send events from another:

curl --no-buffer --unix-socket \
    ~/.docker/run/docker.sock http://localhost/events | jq

Here, the --no-buffer flag is necessary for instructing curl to send the output events to the input stream of jq without doing any buffering. This allows jq to pretty-print the outputs in real-time. Now from another console if you run the following command, you’ll see events pouring into the console that’s listening for them:

docker run hello-world

The complete list of APIs can be found here¹.

Writing a Unix domain socket server in Python

You can quickly write a simple server that allows clients to connect to it via Unix domain sockets. If the clients exist on the same machine then, a UDS server has the advantage of having lower overhead than its networked TCP counterpart.

The following server uses Python’s socketserver module to create a stream-based echo server:

# server.py

from __future__ import annotations

import logging
import socketserver
from pathlib import Path

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)


class RequestHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
    def setup(self) -> None:
        logging.info("Start request.")

    def handle(self) -> None:
        conn = self.request
        while True:
            data = conn.recv(1024)

            if not data:
                break

            logging.info(f"recv: {data!r}")
            conn.sendall(data)

    def finish(self) -> None:
        logging.info("Finish request.")


class Server(socketserver.ThreadingUnixStreamServer):
    def server_activate(self) -> None:
        logging.info("Server started on %s", self.server_address)
        super().server_activate()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # Remove the socket file if it already exists.
    # UDS doesn't let you reuse the socket file.
    socket_path = Path("/tmp/stream.sock")
    if socket_path.exists():
        socket_path.unlink()

    with Server(str(socket_path), RequestHandler) as server:
        server.serve_forever()

Here, socketserver.ThreadingUnixStreamServer enables us to create a server that allows multiple clients to be connected to it via Unix domain sockets. The server spins up a new thread to serve each new client and does bi-directional communication via UDS. The client code is quite similar to a TCP client:

# client.py

import socket
import time
import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)

ADDRESS = "/tmp/stream.sock"

with socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
    s.connect(ADDRESS)

    while True:
        time.sleep(1)
        s.sendall(b"hello world")
        data = s.recv(1024)
        logging.info(f"Received {data!r}")

The client connects to the server through the /tmp/stream.sock socket and sends a static hello world string to it. The server then sends that data back and the client sends it to the stdout stream.

Running the server and client as two separate processes will yield the following output:

Exposing an HTTP application via a Unix domain socket

Webservers usually allow you to expose HTTP applications via Unix domain sockets. In Python, the uvicorn² ASGI server lets you do this quite easily. This can come as handy whenever you need to spin up a local server and all the clients are running on the same machine or you’re running your server behind a proxy. Here’s an example of a simple webserver built with starlette³ and served with uvicorn.

# server.py (http server)

from __future__ import annotations

from starlette.applications import Starlette
from starlette.requests import Request
from starlette.responses import HTMLResponse
from starlette.routing import Route


async def index(request: Request) -> HTMLResponse:
    return HTMLResponse(
        """<h1>Hello, world!</h1>
    <p>This is the index page.</p>"""
    )


app = Starlette(
    debug=True,
    routes=[
        Route("/index", index),
    ],
)

You can expose this server through a UDS like this:

uvicorn --uds /tmp/stream.sock server:app

Calling this API with curl from another console will return the HTML content in the response:

curl --unix-socket /tmp/stream.sock http://localhost/index

<h1>Hello, world!</h1>
    <p>This is the index page.</p>

If you want to access this server from a browser, you’ll need to make sure that your reverse proxy server (Nginx / Apache / Caddy) is configured to relay the incoming request from the network to the UDS server. For a quick and dirty approach, you can use socat to proxy the request from a HOST:PORT pair to the UDS server like this:

uvicorn --uds /tmp/stream.sock server:app \
    & socat tcp-listen:9999,fork unix-connect:/tmp/stream.sock &

The uvicorn command spins up a webserver in the background as before and listens on the socket file /tmp/stream.sock. Then we’re using socat to create a forking TCP server that handles the incoming HTTP requests from the network and relays them to the webserver via UDS. It also relays the server’s responses back to the client—doing the work of a reverse proxy.

You can then head over to your browser and go to http://localhost:9999. This will display the HTML page:

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